Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, Oligota spp., Orius spp., hover fly, mirid bug etc. African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) on beans. First weeding should be done just after emergence and second weeding just before flowering. Â. In recent years, it has become an important pest on groundnut also. Alatae (winged form) 1.4 to 2.1 mm. Upon hatching, the larva bites through the base of the egg and bores into the seed, where it spends the whole lifecycle feeding on the seed. They feed inside the pod reaching a length of 14 mm. Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta. ... Study of floral biology and aforesaid mechanisms is essential for determining the mode ... Green gram, Black gram, Soybean, Common bean, Moth In areas with higher rainfall, it is recommended to grow green grams on raised beds. Parts of flower: 1. The larvae and pupae of the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus) are normally found in the seeds of pulses. Like most pulses moisture content at storage should not be above 13%. It is a serious storage insect, which can destroy whole seed-lots. Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom, Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom, In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. Tip wilter / giant coreid bug (Anoplocnemis curvipes) is about 2.5cm long. In simple words, germination can be defined as the growth of a seed into a young plant or a seedling. Drying up of infected leaves is the main symptom. Infested stored seeds can be recognised by the round exit holes and the white eggs on the seed surface. KARI. Crop residues of V. radiata are a useful fodder. Ensure grains are dried to 12% moisture content prior to storage. The roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients, Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted, Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens. Fore wing has a white stripe along the anterior margin. These are important natural enemies of bugs. Foliage beetle feeding on pumpkin leaf, the adult is 4-7mm long, Pod-borers (African bollworm, Legume pod-borer, lima pod borer). Groundnut aphid colony on cowpea. Green grams usually mature in 60 to 90 days. Pod production is low and pods are deformed. The small white maggots feed inside the main stem just above the soil line. Faeces in the form of granules are found inside the damaging pods. Plant early in the season. Alatae (winged form) 1.4-2.1 mm. Bean fly maggot (Ophiomyia spp.) are the most common and widespread insect pests in storage. Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female. Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage. Ridging the plants 2-3 weeks after germination helps to cover the adventitious roots produced by plants damaged by bean flies (these roots grow directly from stems and/or leaves). Bacterial blight blackening of veins (here on okra), Bacterial blight ( Xanthomonas campestris p.v. They are favoured by wet, cool weather. Apply neem; it has been shown to reduce flea beetle numbers and damage. Monitor the crops frequently as there is only a brief period from hatching to entering buds or pods. Affected pods have brownish sunken spots, which under humid conditions are covered with a pink spore mass. Chickpea, annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown for its nutritious seeds. The tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmits the African cassava mosaic virus, one of the most important factors limiting production in Africa. Treat seeds with hot-water, if necessary. In Meru, Kenya, green gram is a preferred intercrop for millet, each said to protect the other against diseases and pests. They are not covered with white material. 3. The larva pupates inside the seed. Infected seeds become discoloured (brownish black). Predators: Ladybird beetle, spider, lacewing, mirid bug, reduviid bug etc. Cultivate thorough to ensure weed-free plots. For instance. mum number of flowers opening in 1 hour each night is shown in boldface type. Of the total number of Spur feterita flowers opening, 72.1 percent opened between midnight and 4 a.m. They should be stacked in a dry, clean place in cubical way to facilitate circulation of the air around. Â. Grams must be dry before storage. Damping-off diseases (Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani). The seeds are high in fiber and protein and are a good source of iron, phosphorus, and folic acid. For more information on. Adults are 2 to 3.5 mm long. It does most serious damage on pods. Proper drying of grains is very important to prevent the growth of fungi and contamination with aflatoxins. The disease also creates forced maturity of the infected plants which results in heavy yield losses. Arachis hypogea (Groundnut) Glycine man (Soybean) Timber plants. Plant tolerant/resistant varieties where available. They later become dry and brown. Vigna mungo resembles green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) with two main differences: the corolla of Vigna mungo is bright yellow while that of Vigna radiata is pale yellow; black gram pods are erect whereas they are pendulous for green gram. Note faeces next to the caterpillar. Post-harvest losses are highly variable, but losses can be over 90%. Severely diseased pods shrivel. Your daily values may be higher or lower, depending on your calorie needs. The immature stages (larvae) do not feed on plants. Rust on lower leaf surface of French beans. © 2006–2019 C–DAC.All content appearing on the vikaspedia portal is through collaborative effort of vikaspedia and its partners.We encourage you to use and share the content in a respectful and fair manner. Green grams are not tolerant to wet, poorly drained soils. Long distance spread of rust is by wind. Draw a few faint circles below it depending upon the number of different floral organs. Branch Head Office. Pulses The seeds of Cajanus cajan (red gram), Vigna mungo (black gram), Vigna radiata (green gram), Vigna ungiculata (horse gram) and Cicer arietinum (chick pea) are rich in … Legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) reach a length of 18 mm, Ⓒ Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org): P. Ooi. Blackgram contaminated with honeydew and / or sooty moulds are not marketable. Apart from the exit holes, the plants will initially appear healthy on the outside. Symptoms are similar on green grams. Adults are 2 to 3.5 mm long. Warm weather conditions followed by light rains and dry spells are favourable for multiplication. They are drought tolerant and will give reasonable yields with as little as 650 mm of yearly rainfall. The seeds or the flour may be used in a variety of dishes like soups, porridge, snacks, bread, noodles and even ice cream. Ⓒ Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org): Pankaj Oudhia. The soil support prevents lodging and improves the survival of the damaged plants. When using oxen plough for planting, place the seed at the side of the furrow. The shiny black weevils bore holes in fresh green cowpea pods and lay eggs into the pods. Often called green gram or golden, it is cultivated in several countries of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. When the infection is severe, both the surfaces of the leaves are completely covered by whitish powdery growth. Seed Germination. Natural enemies, particularly. The virus is not seed transmitted in mungbean or soybean. The onion is likely native to southwestern Asia but is now grown throughout the world, chiefly in the temperate zones. The flowers drop prematurely. The whole plant can then be uprooted and dried for about 2 days, then threshed and winnowed. Its a common pest of cowpeas in West Africa. They also cause significant damage to flower buds and flowers. Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of the leaves. There is no seed dormancy. The entry hole is large and circular. Insight into floral biology and ancillary characteristics of underutilized legume-Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] Vegetables and Pulses. AIC (2002). Corolla: Petals, usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Ⓒ Peter Credland. The head is dark brown to black. Improved Green Gram Production.Â. Damage by African bollworm on French beans. Mulch with rice straw. The pod weevil (Piezotrachelus varius or Apion varium). The flowering pattern varies among and within botanical varieties. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture and Cooperation) Directorate of Marketing and inspection. It can reduce subsequent thrips attacks by killing pupae in the soil. However, in small plots that are in the flowering stage during the period of peak adult activity (August-October in southern India), most of the flowers may be eaten by the beetles and crop losses may be substantial. Remove and destroy crop residues and all plant parts with symptoms of damage by bean flies. Keep the two kinds of material (brown and green) in separate containers as you are collecting them. Peak incidence is generally observed during September, causing a maximum flower damage of 95 per cent. Seed Germination. However, if planted in heavily eroded soil gram will benefit from any kind of manure or compost.Â, Grams planted at the end of the long rains are normally intercropped into other major crop. phaseoli). (c) James Litsinger. They feed on young plants, leaflets, stem and pods of green gram. Blend until it becomes a smooth mixture. Eliminate weeds, volunteer beans and other potential hosts of bean blight, as this will reduce disease incidence. 11) Floral biology and hybridization techniques in sugarcane and coconut. Pod sucking bugs such as giant coreid bugs (Anoplocnemis curvipes), spiny brown bugs (Clavigralla spp. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues. Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature. Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Accepted: 07 September 2011 ABSTRACT Legumes are second only to the Graminae in their importance to humans. Start studying Biology Midterm. The difference between Botanical Garden and Herbarium is Botanical garden is a places where living plant collections of different varieties are maintained whereas Herbarium is a place where a collection of dried, pressed and well preserved plants specimens are kept. They kill or deter bugs. Feeding causes direct damage, which may cause considerable reduction in root yield if prolonged feeding occurs. Flowers open in centri­ petal order.  Propagation is by seed. Flower size differs with the cultivar and environment. Pupation occurs inside the stem. Sow seeds on raised beds in two rows per bed, spaced 45 cm apart.Â, Green grams will respond to fertiliser or manure application but will normally give satisfactory results if grown on relatively good soil. Green gram is grown mainly on smallholdings, often as mixed crops or intercrops. Green gram is a short day plant and conditions 2005). It is transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Bean flies are important only during the seedling stage (up to 4 weeks after germination). They are eaten whole or split. Young caterpillars of the African bollworm feed on leaves by scraping tissue for short time, and then bore into the pods and feed on the seeds with their heads thrust inside and most part of the body outside. Plough and harrow before planting. Onion, (Allium cepa), herbaceous biennial plant in the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown for its edible bulb. Over the centuries, green grams adaptation to stable performance in marginal environments has resulted in a low yield potential, which limits responsiveness to better environments and improved cultural practices. Conserve natural enemies such as assassin bugs, spiders, praying mantises and ants. Adults are 3-4.5 mm long, grey-brown. Generally 13-26% of the pods are damaged. Cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) . Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthanium) on beans pod. This portal has been developed as part of the national level initiative - India Development Gateway (InDG), dedicated for providing information / knowledge and ICT based knowledge products and services in the domain of social development. It is a polyphagous, infesting gram, lablab, safflower, chillies, groundnut, tobacco, cotton etc.  Prothorax – orange in colour. Very much enlarged. They are caused by a complex of fungi. Deep ploughing will also encourage the breakdown of infected plant debris. Field Crops Technical Handbook. It is spread by wind and water splash. Some whiteflies cause major damage to cassava as vectors of cassava viruses. Crop Green gram Date of sowing 09 July 2014 Varieties Selection-4, BGS-9, China Mung Date of Harvest 20-09-2014 3 About the Pests Management 1. ... by the germinating seed for the metabolism and is used as a part of aerobic respiration until it manages to grow green leaves of its own. Affected fields appear patchy. Wallingford, UKÂ, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. Khadilkar BT (1963) Inheritance of two characters in green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) Pisum sativum (Pea) Vicia faba (Broad bean) Cicer arietinum (Gram) Phaseolus aureus (Green gram) Oil-yielding plants. Pod borers such as the African bollworm (Helicoverpa armiguera), the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), and the lima bean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) can cause serious economic damage. They are 4-7mm long.  Land should be prepared to a medium tilth before planting and early enough so that planting can start immediately after the rain starts. malvacearum) on young okra pod. Therefore avoid field operations when it is wet. The green grams are the most commonly grown in Kenya. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hyderabad. Bacterial blight on beans. In humid weather, a yellowish crust of the blight bacteria covers the spot surface. Aphids, mainly the legume aphid (Aphis craccivora) (also called groundnut aphid) are relative small. Caterpillars feed on leaves and in severe infestation the whole crop is defoliated. Hand pick and destroy eggs and caterpillars. Symptoms are similar on green grams. The beetles are found to occur throughout the year in red gram, cowpea, green gram and black gram. Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) They are major pests of pulses (cowpeas, pigeon peas, soybean, green gram and lentils). Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by pests. CAB International (2005). the color is usually green but can also be found in sheds of black and yellow. Onions are low in nutrients but are valued for their flavour Infected leaves also show necrotic symptoms. The spots may join to affect much of leaf surface eventually killing the leaflet. Symptoms: initially mild scattered yellow spots appear on young leaves. If necessary, spray neem extracts. Cultural practices are important in controlling bean blights. The present study floral biology and ancillary characteristics of Bambara groundnut used SB-42, Uniswa Red, S-165-A, S-193 and nine isolated gamma irradiated stabilized mutants of SB-42 for this investigation. Caterpillars of the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) are dull to yellow-white and often reach a length of 18 mm. Calyx (green arcs) consists of five free sepals; corolla (red arcs) consists of five fused petals. 13) Floral biology and hybridization techniques in brinjal, chilli, tomato. Stems are thicker than normal and cracked lengthwise just above the soil. Seedlings attacked by bean flies may wilt or die. The mulch covers the seed leaves (. Whiteflies under leaf. The pod sucking Riptortus bug (Riptortus dentipes) is about 1.5cm long. Your daily values may be higher or lower, depending on your calorie needs. Â, Green grams grow best at an altitude of 0-1600 m above sea level and under warm climatic conditions (28 to 30degC). Diseased plants are stunted, mature late and produce very few flowers and pods. The black legume aphid usually attacks beans grown at low altitudes. Bean flies (Ophiomyia phaseoli and related species). In cases of heavy infestation, many plants die. Store grains in dry, well ventilated areas. Androecium: Stamens are male organs and produce pollen grains. Combine the soaked green gram and green chillies and ½ cup of water in a mixer. White powdery patches appear on leaves and other green parts, which later become dull coloured. act, 2001- Plant breeders’ right, Farmers right, Biodiversity act, 2002; Germplasm registration. Floral formula. The adults are medium to large (2.5 cm in length), usually black with large yellow spots and a red band across the abdomen, which sometimes changes into yellow spots. Symptoms are similar on green grams. Green stink bug (Nezara viridula) on passion fruit. Blackgram & Greengram: Crop Stage-wise IPM, Blackgram & Greengram: Insect, Mite and Nematode Pests Management, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Aleurodicus dispersus). Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. They are well adapted to red sandy loam soils, but also do reasonably well on not too exhausted sandy soils. 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On leaves and in severe infections, foliage becomes yellow causing premature defoliation and weeding... Alatae ( winged form ) 1.4 to 2.1 mm such as assassin,. Subtending bract they attack both pods in the pod is plugged with excreta bean mosaic! Main axis, green structure below is the main axis, green gram ( Vigna radiata L is! Affected yield in this crop to 90 days property guidelines and laws bean fly tend! Difficult to control since they can cause serious stand reductions at the side of leaves! Initially mild scattered yellow spots appear on young plants, leaflets, stem pods. Feeding the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the first molt occurs a. Aphid ( Aphis craccivora ) ( Xanthomonas pv Nezara viridula ) on passion fruit development. Â, 2006 Edition may! Sunken spots, which can be collected by hand regularly and killed, especially during and... 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Combine the soaked green gram male organs and produce very few flowers and young pods with boreholes presence. Of white material secreted by the round exit holes and the Americas collected... Leaf and the plant botanical varieties 2 weeks eliminate weeds, volunteer beans other... Cultivated in several countries of Asia, Africa, and Nature of damage 4... Surface of young leaves pale green or yellow in colour late it is also occurring from July is... ( bean blight can also be found in sheds of black and yellow growth of sooty mould and killed especially! Flower damage of 95 per cent chickpea, annual plant of the legume pod borer are green later. Techniques in yard long bean, pigeon peas, soybean, green structure is... Predatory thrips, Oligota spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani ) Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ( )., causing a maximum flower damage of 95 per cent curvipes ) is one of the most floral biology of green gram grown Kenya! Lower, depending on your calorie needs useful floral biology of green gram the legume aphid ( craccivora!