Flowers should be selected at proper stage. It mainly depends upon the objective of breeding programme. Role of environment is almost negligible. To exploit and utilize the hybrid varieties. Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Self-Pollinated Groups 5. Removal of stamens with the help of forceps is very difficult in minute flowers. Inbreeds are grown under normal conditions and are emasculated. hybridization. We know hybridization is the method of selective breeding. cellular organisms - Eukaryota - Viridiplantae - Streptophyta - Streptophytina - Embryophyta - Tracheophyta - Euphyllophyta - Spermatophyta - Magnoliophyta - Liliopsida - commelinids - Poales - Poaceae - PACCAD clade - Panicoideae - Andropogoneae - Zea - Zea mays Back to top In some crops (e.g., Jowar, Bajra) the inflorescences of both the parents are enclosed in the same bag. Nilsson-Eule of Sweden was first to use the bulk method and it is in use ever since. In bisexual flowers, emasculation is essential to prevent of self-pollination. F2 plants are grown and their F2 seeds are harvested in bulk. Now-a-days this method is employed in improvement of both self and cross-pollinated crops where varieties are deficient in one or two aspects. This method is less effective than hot water treatment. Which organelle is known as “power house” of the cell? Commercial hybrids are produced by this method. Sugarcane Hybridization (Lantern method) Durn-02:03min, Sugarcane Hybridization (Marcotting method), Crop Improvement :: Emasculation and Pollination Techniques. In modified method of this, the female plant alone is cut and kept in weak acid at the time of flowering the male parent can be brought nearer and the pollen can be shed by shaking as done in Lantern method. This method is widely used for the development of varieties in self-pollinated crops. Procedure 4. It is a modified form of pedigree method in which segregating material is handled by bulk (mass) method when conditions are unfavorable for selection and by pedigree method when conditions are favourable for selection. In this approach, increase in the yield of a variety is obtained by correcting the weakness in the yield contributing traits e.g., tiller number, grains per spike, test weight etc., of the concerned variety. It has been observed that pollen grains of rice are killed by immersing the inflorescence for 5 to 10 minutes in the hot water maintained at 40-44°C in a thermos flask. Natural cross pollination takes place and the harvested produce becomes synthetic cross. e.g., from four inbreeds six single crosses can be produced. Selected superior plants in III year are space planted to study the individual plant. During flowering period, the sugarcane stem will be cut leaving one or two bud.  The cut stem can be transferred to a mud pot having moist mud.  Within 10 days the buds will develop into roots and there will be good root system.  This can be transferred to the breeding block.  In the crossing block, the male and female plants are covered with commonlantern.  Free shedding pollen over female plant will occur.  We can harvest both selfed and  crossed seeds from the female parent.  The selfed seeds can be identified by chromosome number by raising it in the nursery.  Selfed seeds thus removed retaining crossed seeds. The utilization of male sterility is an efficient approach to reduce the cost of hybrid seeds and also ensure high varietal purity (Perez‐Prat and van Lookeren Campagne, 2002 ; Chen and Liu, 2014 ; Kim and Zhang, 2018 ). (iv) This method is totally dependent on natural selection to select the superior types. 12, 13. In general bulk period is allowed up to F5 generation). iv. It can be defined as the artificial cross-pollination between the genetically unlike plants. What is a mushroom shaped gland? The panicle is inserted in the container prior to blooming for a particular duration of time. The lantern has to be supported by bamboo poles. The emasculated flowers are tagged just after bagging. In plants, scientificidentification of hybrids is thought to have begun in 1716, when Cotton Mather described corn/ maize(Zea mays)andsquash(Cucurbitaspp. About 200-500 desirable superior plants are selected. (ii) The breeder is enable to exercise his skill and judgement in selection and therefore the method is less satisfying to him. It is commonly known as ‘Fairchild Mule’. In self-pollinated crops this method is used when three or four monogenic characters scattered in three or four different varieties are to be combined into one. The entire process takes about 5-7 years. (vii) Harvesting and storing the F, seeds. II. Butter paper or vegetable parchment bags are most commonly used. Principles of Plant Breeding - ICAR eCourse PDF Book - AgriMoon (ii) During early segregating generations, very little work and attention is needed, which gives the breeder more time to concentrate on other breeding projects. Like hot water cold water also kills pollen grains without damaging the gynoecium. Emasculation Removal of stamens or anthers or killing the pollen of a flower without the female reproductive organ is known as emasculation. It is also known composite cross and is used to combine monogenetic characters from different sources into a single genotype. 50-100 F1 plants are grown and their F2 seeds are harvested in bulk. It is the fourth step and completed with emasculation. In plants, crossing is done by placing pollen grains from one genotype i.e., male parent, on […] Providing Lantern for a female plant before anthesis starts.  From the desired male parent cut the arrow.  That arrow can be introduced into the Lantern and shaken up and thereby crossing can be effected.  This will be repeated for 2-3 days in order to have more seed set. 5. These anthers must be removed before anthesis from the flowers of the female parent to prevent self-pollination. Flowers or inflorescences are immersed in alcohol of a suitable concentration for a brief period. Such crosses are called distant crosses. When two genotypically different plants are crossed, the genes from both the parents are brought together in F l. This method was suggested by Coulden (1939) for advancing segregating generation of self-pollinated crops. During flowering, cut around the stem and tie a polythene bag with nutrients (growth medium).  The bud near cut end give rise to roots.  This can be cut and used for hybridization purposes.  This method is called marcotting.  Practiced in TNAU, Coimbatore and Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore.Â. Plants are chosen for hybridization and F1 seeds are produced. Self male and female sterility, protogyny and hanging dow n of anthers away from the stigma at the time of anthesis promote self pollination. Combination Breeding The main aim of combination breeding is the transfer of one or more characters into a single variety from other varieties. Hybridization/ Crossing technique (Emasculation & Pollination) in wheat (Triticum aestivum ... Emasculation and crossing techniques in paddy - Duration: 6:00. 10). The emasculated flower or inflorescence is immediately bagged to avoid pollination by any foreign pollen. It is the most widely used method and is done before pollen shed or before the silks appear (Hayes, 2007). (The process may be repeated until the desired period of homozygosity is achieved. 3 to 5 best plants in these rows are selected and harvested (F4). 1: Emasculation and hybridization techniques in Rice … Manual emasculation is very common in breeding experiments, but it is time consuming, intensive, and expensive (Acquaah, 2007). In monoecious plants, male flower or male inflorescence (maize) are removed; while in the case of dioecious plants, male plants are removed. (i) The new variety is superior over the already available variety only in the transferred character. The selection of parents depends upon the aims and objectives of breeding. In bisexual flowers, emasculation is essential to prevent of self-pollination. In this method individual plants are selected till the progenies become homozygous. 2. The selected pure lines are first combined into crosses as A × B, C × D, E × F, G × H and so on. 7) Emasculation and hybridization techniques in cross pollinated crops : Maize, Bajra, Sunflower, Papaya, Sugarcane. Various methods used for emasculation are: (a) Hand Emasculation or Forceps or Scissor Method: This method is generally used in those plants which have large flowers. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Pollination by insects also takes place to certain extent. Multi-locations field trials are carried out, best performing strain is multiplied for seed distribution. Content Guidelines 2. ; Evaluation of parents. The bags may be made of paper, butter paper, glassine or fine cloth. Crossing techniques in rice differ based on the method of emasculation. Mendel onward, the hybridization had become the key method of crop improvement. Extensive yield tests are not required because the performance of the recurrent parent is already known. The total number of possible different single crosses produced by a given number of inbreeds can be calculated by the formula n(n-1)/2 where n is the number of inbreeds. Disease resistant plants are selfed and individual plant progenies from the selfed seeds of selected plants are grown. Selection for plants in the desired combination of characters is started in the F2 generation and continued in succeeding generations until genetic purity is reached. 2)Emasculation-The process where anthers are removed physically in self pollinated plants. What are the general characters of bryophytes? or in paper bags {e.g., maize) and applied to the receptive stigmas with the help of a camel hair brush, piece of paper, tooth pick or forceps. 3. (castor, coconut) or male inflorescence is removed (maize). Since maximum number of spikelets open on the 3rd or 4th day of anthesis, panicles of that stage are selected for emasculation. Self male and female sterility, protogyny and hanging dow n of anthers away from the stigma at the time of anthesis promote self pollination. In case of recessive gene transfer, a slightly different procedure is followed. Emasculation and hybridization methods in Sorghum 27-28 10. It is needed to transfer the disease resistance from B to A without adversely affecting the good qualities of A. In the case of unisexual flowers, this step is not necessary. Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Cross-Pollinated Crops. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will learn about the Meaning of Hybridization Method of Crop Improvement:- 1. Emasculation and hybridization methods in … This procedure has been used for developing many improved varieties of sugarcane, potato etc. So time required for developing new variety may be drastically reduced because off-season nurseries and greenhouses can be used for developing 2-3 generations each year. Breeder does not require to handle large populations. (iii) There are chances of recovering transgenic segregation by this method. It is summarized in Figs. This method differs from the pedigree method in that no selection is practiced in F2-F5 generations (Fig. (iv) This method is suitable for studies on the survival of genes and genotypes in populations. Lec 12 Emasculation and Pollination Techniques 51-53 Lec 13 Maize 54-57 Lec 14 Red gram 58-64 Lec 15 Sugarcane 65-70 Lec 16 Methods of breeding – introduction and acclimatization 71-79 Lec 17 Hybridization – Aims, objectives and types of hybridization 80-88 Lec 18 Back cross method and various modified methods 89-99 7). Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Self-Pollinated Groups: Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Cross-Pollinated Crops: Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Vegetatively Propagated Crops: The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. TOS4. anthers are sterile and do not produce any viable pollens! Plant breeding - Plant breeding - Hybrid varieties: The development of hybrid varieties differs from hybridization in that no attempt is made to produce a pure-breeding population; only the F1 hybrid plants are sought. Either the inbred or the variety may be used as female parent, but to use variety as female is preferable. The bags are tied to the base of the inflorescence or to the stalk of the flower with the help of thread, wire or pins. (vii) Harvesting and Storing the F1 Seeds: Crossed heads or pods of desirable plants are harvested and after complete drying they are threshed. It can be defined as a cross among inbreeds, clones or sibbed lines without control of pollination. The natural or artificial process that results in the formation of hybrid is known as hybridization. Maintenance of accurate pedigree record is not easy. 8) Emasculation and hybridization techniques in often cross pollinated crops : Cotton, Sorghum, Pigeonpea Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Cross-Pollinated Crops. 4. What is its function? ... Genetic emasculation- Here genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility may be used to avoid other techniques of emasculation. The information on tag must be as brief as possible but complete bearing the following information: (iv) Name of the female parent is written first followed by a cross sign (x) and then the male parent, e.g., C x D denotes that C is the female parent and D is the male parent. EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION TECHNIQUES IN SUGARCANE, SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum) (2n = 80), Cross pollination is the rule in sugarcane. 17. The following methods are widely used for hybridization in rice. ... • If the flowers are crowded and small, emasculation can be done by keeping the inflorescence in hot water at 45 A 35 cm long rubber tube or belt is stretched over the side of the container, and when in use this tube is tied around the peduncle of the head. The crosses between different species of the same genus or different genera of the same family are also known as distant hybridization or wide crossing. The selected BC1 plants again backcrossed to A till a desirable type having good qualities of A and disease resistance of B is obtained (Fig. Procedure 4. 4. Privacy Policy3. In this method the corolla of the selected flowers is opened and the anthers carefully removed with the help of fine-tip forceps. Self sterility of both pollen and ovule predominates in almost in all the varieties. FA plants are grown and their F5 seeds are harvested in bulk. Similarly self-incompatibility may also be used to avoid emasculation. If the performance of parents used for breeding is … Certain chemicals are capable of causing male sterility, when sprayed before flowering e.g., 2, 4-D, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), maleic-hydrazide (MA), tribenzoic acid etc. Each F1 plant is a potential source for a new clone. In the coming season, the stored seeds are sown separately to raise the F1 generation. Emasculation is necessarily followed by controlled pollination. There are various techniques of emasculation: (i) Hand Emasculation: Generally circular tags of about 3 cm or rectangular tags of about 3 x 2 cm are used. In monoecious crops, where male and female flowers are at different positions on the plant, whole male flowers can be removed from the plant to control pollination. Wind pollination (Anemophily) is the general rule. There are seven steps involved in hybridization. Success of crossing with emasculation varied from 5 to 17%; while the success rate varied from 20 to 50% by pollination without emasculation. Hybridization Methods of Plant Breeding in Self-Pollinated Groups 5. The advantage of this cross is the use of vigorous hybrid of first generation as female in order to maximize the yield of hybrid seeds as well as to obtain seeds of normal grain size. Further breeding in these hybrids is carried out according to either pedigree or bulk method. Emasculation. This is called emasculation. Cornerstones 4. These types may not be necessarily the best yielding types. ; Choice of parents. Stigma and ovary of the flower should not be damaged. A selection method, which is used in segregating population of self-pollinated species and keeps proper record of plants and progeny selected in each generation is known as pedigree breeding. FW450 in cotton may be used for bringing about emasculation. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum) (2n = 80) Cross pollination is the rule in sugarcane. 1. Suppose there are two varieties A and B. So, the outcome of this method is known forehand, and plants can be reproduced any time in future. These are dipping the panicle in hot water (50°c) for 10 minutes as practiced in Sorghum, or through chemical treatments like dichlorophenoxy acetic acid maleic hydrazide, as practiced for plants like wheat. A detasseler is a large machine to remove male flowers; many patents have been obtained for the new … Introduction to Hybridization 2. New variety is tested in replicated field trials along with the variety A as check. The potential medical consequences of emasculation are more extensive than those associated with castration, as the removal of the penis gives rise to a unique … In corn, this process is called detasseling. (ii) Hybridization has to be done for each backcross. Emasculation and hybridization methods in Maize 25-26 9. 2. This video contains details on Emasculation and Pollination in rice plant (breeding , hybridization) , Emasculation and hybridization methods in Pearl millet 29-30 11. Hybridization Technique # Step 2. All the hybrid seeds of maize to farmers for cultivation are nothing but double crosses. Both male and female flowers are bagged separately to prevent contamination in male flowers and cross-pollination in female flowers (Fig. Emasculation techniques and detached tiller culture in wheat x maize crosses Such a cover is commonly called lantern. Emasculation should be over well ahead of the time of anthesis. The lantern has to be opened once in a day to reduce the temperature that my build up inside during the day time. I. Like self-pollinated crops, hybridization in cross-pollinated crops involves crossing of two or more inbreeds. Usually anthesis will be in early morning between 5 am and 6 am. In addition to other objectives, increased yield is always an objective for the breeder. Emasculation and hybridization methods in Rice 21-24 8. After any one of the above-mentioned crosses, seeds are tested, multiplied and distributed. Seeds are space planted and single plant selection is done (F7 generation). Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! Share Your PPT File. There are several methods of improvement of self-fertilized crops by hybridization. This method has limited utility except in high risk areas where severe disease damage occurs regularly from a highly specialized disease pathogen. Individual produced as a result of cross between two genetically different parents is known as hybrid. Is recipient or recurring parent the ancestry of an individual selected plant for various generations is known as Fairchild! By Harlan and Pope ( 1922 ) important precautions while performing this.. 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