Except instead of being on the sidelines like they had been in 1869, the contributions of the Chinese railroad workers were the focus at the 150th Anniversary event, The Golden Spike: Chinese Workers and The Transcontinental Railroad. Faced with political and social turmoil, many, particularly from southern China, fled to the U.S. Fishkin recalled visiting the California State Railroad Museum and seeing a line of Chinese calligraphy: the signature of a worker, likely a contractor, named Cum Sing on a receipt for his payment. “On the one hand, they’re very meticulous and concrete. The Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project compiled and uploaded interview videos and transcripts with numerous descendants of railroad laborers, where they shared stories passed down generations that can now be accessed for posterity on the project website. The project team believed that the workers came from all walks of life, and that many may have been educated professionals — not illiterate as they were often thought to be. “Who else but Americans could have laid ten miles of track in 12 hours?”. For descendants of Chinese railroad workers and nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants, the work that Chinese Railroad Workers Project co-directors Shelley Fisher Fishkin and Gordon Chang have achieved is not just about setting the historical record straight; it’s about reclaiming their families’ place in American history. Irish Workers. A single word — “DONE” — was then transmitted via telegraph from coast to coast, setting off a wave of festivities across the nation. “I [had] realized that 2015 was coming up,” Fishkin recounted. “When I went to Special Collections to see whether they had a letter or a journal of one of these workers, they told me they had none,” Fishkin said. The extreme danger of this work is suggested by this excerpt from Chinese American Voices, in which a railroad worker recalls some of … “I’m very grateful to them,” Fishkin said. In April 2016, Chinese Railroad Workers Project scholars from Canada, China, Taiwan and the U.S. traveled to the Sierra Nevada mountains to explore tunnels — many of them cut from solid granite — that Chinese workers excavated. “After working on the railroad as a foreman… my great-grandfather, Lee Wong Sang, has a store ‘Wong Sang Wo,’” said Connie Young Yu. “Good God!” Stro gasped after Crocker had provided details. Voss wrote that Leland and Jane Stanford would end up employing thousands of Chinese laborers in their other enterprises and to work on their vineyards, ranches and estates. This is not to say their work has not been fruitful — the team has collected everything from rice bowls to tools to payroll records, piecing the findings together using interviews with descendants of the workers. “We still haven’t found it, despite our conviction that one must exist,” Fishkin said. “As a faculty member of the university that bears his name, I am painfully aware that Leland Stanford became one of the world’s richest men by using Chinese labor,” Chang wrote in a recent op-ed for the Los Angeles Times. The names of several of the Irish rail handlers would also be passed down through time. Elena Shao '21 is from Suwanee, Georgia. Chinese workers were an essential part of building the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR), the western section of the first transcontinental railroad across the United States. In April 2016, Chinese Railroad Workers Project scholars from Canada, China, Taiwan and the U.S. traveled to the Sierra Nevada mountains to explore … This, coupled with the dearth of physical documentation available regarding Chinese laborers’ experiences, “explains why authors have failed to provide richer accounts.” eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'stanforddaily_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',190,'0','0'])); “Given historians’ reliance on the written document,” Chang and Fishkin wrote, “it is no wonder than the Chinese railroad workers have remained largely indistinct, a shadowy mass of figures hovering around the edges of our histories but never at the center of the story themselves.”. “He came, with an uncle, older brother actually, he came with one of his brothers, and they worked on the Transcontinental Railroad. Solorio, who is descended from Lim’s third child Lim Sing, recounts stories of Lim and his descendants, passed down as oral history on his mother’s side. Several thousand came from the coastal areas of the United States where they helped build the American transcontinental railroad, but … The group would produce five books published in English and Chinese, most recently “The Chinese and the Iron Road.” They would also create traveling photography and history exhibits, an open-access digital repository hosted at Stanford Libraries and a curriculum guide produced in partnership with Stanford Program International and Cross-Cultural Education (SPICE) to make the research available to K-12 educators and students. The majority of the Chinese workers who worked on the C.P.R. The two scholars wrote to then-Provost and acting President of the University John Etchemendy describing their idea. These artifacts are usually interpreted as having been for recreational purposes, although evidence suggests that the substances may have often been used as remedies for work-related injuries, infections and the physical and psychological pains of the workers’ taxing manual labor. Chang, an American history professor, told The Daily that in the past, many accounts of the railroad did not mention the Chinese, or devoted little attention to them. As the Chinese railroad workers lived and worked tirelessly, they also managed the finances associated with their employment, and Central Pacific officials responsible for employing the Chinese, even those at first opposed to the hiring policy, came to appreciate the cleanliness and reliability of … For descendants of Chinese railroad workers and nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants, the work that Chinese Railroad Workers Project co-directors Shelley Fisher Fishkin and Gordon Chang … “It confirmed our sense that these were not all unlettered farmers.”. Chang, Fishkin and many others working on the Chinese Railroad Workers Project maintain that the success of the railroad depended largely on the contributions of Chinese workers — “without them, the Central Pacific Railroad would have failed,” Chang said. This article has been corrected to remove an unsubstantiated claim that anti-Chinese mobs burned down the Virginia City Chinatown in 1875. Released days before the 150th anniversary of the railroad’s completion, May 10, 1869, the book is the most comprehensive account to date of the lives of the Chinese workers who built the railroad. Contact Sean Lee at seanklee ‘at’ stanford.edu. Over 17,000 Chinese came to Canada from 1881 through 1884. “To his credit, Etchemendy recognized that this was a story that only Stanford could really tell — that Stanford had an obligation to tell.”. But their work was so impressive that eventually 80% of all the workers were Chinese. “To understand the daily lives of the Chinese railroad workers, we had to find new research approaches that could account for this mobility.”. “We literally would not be sitting in these buildings — these buildings would not exist — without the work of these Chinese workers,” she said. “There’s been some recognition about the impact of Chinese workers … Most of the Chinese labourers left their families in China to work on the railroad without knowing the consequences of what would happen. In fact, while the white workers were given their monthly salary (about $35) and food and shelter, the Chinese immigrants received only their salary (about $26-35). Like many other Chinese who emigrated at the time, Lim wanted to make money to send back to his family given the domestic turmoil occuring in China from the Opium Wars, famines, the Taiping Rebellion and civil unrest during the nineteenth century. Sean Lee '22 is the desk editor for the University News beat. https://www.history.com/news/transcontinental-railroad-chinese-immigrants By 1867, more than 90% of Central Pacific's crew working on the transcontinental railroad were Chinese, with anywhere from 10,000 to 15,000 workers at any given time. Courtesy of Barbara Voss.Bamboo-pattern rice bowls found near a railroad tunnel camp site near Donner Lake. “To avoid interrupting construction schedules, labor contractors and line supervisors maintained a pool of able-bodied men who could replace injured and dead workers at a moment’s notice,” Voss wrote. At some point during this, the story according to his son, was that the brother lost an eye during a blasting accident. Stanford designed an interactive website and four lessons for high school audiences to learn both about Chinese railroad workers and Chinese culture. Because we do owe them a great deal.”. The continuous rail line served as a direct passage for the exchange of goods and people, reinvigorating the country’s economy. The Chinese railroad workers were grading and digging tunnels across a stretch of the Sierras when they decided to lay down their tools. “So it was extremely important for America’s debut on the global stage as a modern nation — and the Chinese were central to making that happen.”. At the same time, the researchers’ findings revealed local variation in the Chinese railroad workers’ experiences and gave insight into how they might have adapted to different circumstances. Fishkin and Chang conceptualized the project with the help of Dongfang Shao — the current chief librarian of the Asian Division of the Library of Congress, who was the director of Stanford’s East Asia Library at the time — and Evelyn Hu-Dehart, the Director of the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity at Brown University. Since immigration and labor records, especially for Chinese immigrants, were often not well recorded or erased, family stories like those passed down to Solorio form oral histories that serve as valuable primary sources in the rich history of Chinese Americans. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'stanforddaily_com-box-4','ezslot_5',185,'0','0'])); “[My great grandfather] came to the United States, we think, in the mid 1860s,” recounted Russell Low in one such interview. were employed on the B.C. He is interested in studying Political Science, History, International Relations, the humanities and the intersections between the humanities and STEM. Contact Elena Shao at eshao98 ‘at’ stanford.edu. Almost exactly 150 years ago, Leland Stanford hammered in a ceremonial 17.6-karat gold spike  at Promontory Summit, Utah — the last spike needed to join the Central Pacific and Union Pacific rails and completed the First Transcontinental Railroad. “They are really very imaginative,” Fishkin noted, referring to the collaborative and communicative process through which the project’s archaeologists have worked. For Professor Chang is indeed a scholar – a professor of history at Stanford and the curator of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America archive. Despite many successes and positive national and global reception, Fishkin said that there remains one aspect of the project that escapes them — they have yet to find textual evidence from any of the workers, such as a letter or journal, that could offer a glimpse into their experiences from their own perspective. “He had three sons working there, and my grandfather who was the second son, Lee Yuk Suy…the [1906 San Francisco] earthquake hit and my grandfather, he realized he just had to get the papers… his birth certificate—no one was going to believe a Chinese was born in 1878 in San Francisco.”eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'stanforddaily_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',189,'0','0'])); Connie Young Yu’s father later attended Stanford, where, despite the essential contributions that Chinese workers made in building campus and building Stanford’s fortune, he lived “in the Chinese clubhouse — and that was because Chinese students were not allowed to live in the dorms,” Yu continued. But they’re also very good at figuring out what we can extrapolate from the material past.”. “I’ve always thought about the incredible irony of all this,” Yu said. After their arrival in the West — and despite their contributions to the Transcontinental Railroad — Chinese laborers would be faced with hostility and xenophobia, culminating in the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited their immigration for 10 years and banned them from becoming U.S. citizens. As a fourth-generation Californian with a lifelong curiosity about the workers, Chang was frustrated that their history was not consistently included in tales of the West and the U.S. in general. “Our colleague in China looked at that line of calligraphy and said he could tell from the way the letters and numbers were written that the man had been trained as an accountant,” Fishkin said. Research also shows the callous way in which Chinese workers, whose individual names were not recorded by Central Pacific, were often treated. By the summer of 1868, 4,000 workers, two thirds of which were Chinese, had built the transcontinental railroad over the Sierras and into the interior plains. “But this is something that scholars of the previous generation could not do.”, The project also benefited from a “change in atmosphere,” Chang and Fishkin wrote in their book “The Chinese and the Iron Road.” They added, “interest in and support for efforts to recover the history of marginalized people have grown significantly.”. Both Union Pacific and Central Pacific initially tried hiring white workers, predominantly Irish ones, but were unable to do so fully. The Daily regrets this error. “From the start of exclusion, a lot of the stories passed down by my family, and many others, conformed to a certain narrative by political necessity because we had to be of the merchant class in order to remain in the US.”eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'stanforddaily_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',190,'0','0'])); Wilson Bergado’s ancestor Lee Bo Wen, according to their family history, is said to have emigrated to the United States during the 1850s, but a lack of written records make this hard to confirm. “And this was after 1919 when a Chinese [person] came to Encina Hall and was thrown out bodily by, you know, some good ol’ boys at Stanford. Voss, who was an undergraduate student at Stanford before becoming a faculty member in 2001, described her education and livelihood as something “made possible [by] the wealth that was generated by Chinese railroad workers’ labor.”. © 2020 The Stanford Daily Publishing Corporation. All contributions are tax-deductible. Your support makes a difference in helping give staff members from all backgrounds the opportunity to develop important professional skills and conduct meaningful reporting. The Chinese Railroad Workers Descendants Association will be in remote Promontory Summit on Friday for a photo reenactment of the hammering of the final golden spike of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869. “He could create a university because of the Chinese workers who built the railroad.” Remarkably little is known of the 12,000 Chinese migrants who came to build the railways in the 1860s. Some of her ancestors were also detained for months on Angel Island, the infamous immigration station in San Francisco Bay where Chinese immigrants were processed, separated and deported during the exclusion era. The sidelining was especially egregious given the erasure of Chinese workers’ contributions throughout the rest of the event. Language barriers, a dearth of records making it difficult to corroborate oral stories and the pressures of American exclusionary policies causing necessary omissions and changes in narratives recounted by families to avoid deportation leave much to be explored. It happened somewhere between mile 92 and 119. Chinese labour was used to build the railroad, and later to maintain it. “Due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese people had to fit within certain social classes in order to be admitted to the US, which narrowed the identities of people possible,” Wilson Bergado, who is fourth and sixth generation Chinese American, said. We're a student-run organization committed to providing hands-on experience in journalism, digital media and business for the next generation of reporters. The Chinese workers on the railroad lived separately from the other laborers. At the time, the labor-saving devices available were mostly wheelbarrows, horse-pulled carts and a few railroad-pulled gondolas. And while the work of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America project has comprehensively and unprecedentedly managed to document Chinese American history, for many descendants, much of their family’s history remains in uncertainty. When the archaeologists compared the prevalence of opium pipe remains in work camps versus in urban Chinatowns, they found heavier use of opium among railroad workers. Later, when Stanford was founded, the University admitted students of all races including Chinese immigrants and those of Chinese descent. The word coolie was first popularized in the 16th century by European traders across Asia, and by the 18th century would refer to migrant Indian or Chinese laborers, and by the 19th century, would gain a new definition of the systematic shipping and hiring of Asian workers under contract on plantations that had been formerly worked by enslaved Africans. Some uncovered details, like the dishes people used to eat their meals, revealed a great deal of uniformity across different camps. “Stanford was built on the backs of exploited immigrant laborers, so we owe them respect and recognition for their tough sacrifices.”. Instead, Philip Choy — the chairman of the Chinese Historical Society of America, slated to talk for five minutes during the ceremony to pay tribute to the Chinese railroad workers — was pushed off of the speakers list. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'stanforddaily_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',174,'0','0']));“This country has a long history of disrespecting immigrant laborers, and this recognition is one movement of change in the right direction,” Solorio said. It took the effort of hundreds of Voss’ colleagues — “every archaeologist [she] could find who had ever studied a Chinese railroad work camp” — participating in conferences and workshops, sharing their findings and coordinating over email to bring together a vast body of data about hundreds of railroad camps. The Irish were the first group to be hired in great numbers for work on the transcontinental railroad. “[Leland] Stanford came to realize that his economic survival, the survival of the railroad enterprise, depended on the Chinese,” Fishkin said. “When the [construction of the] Central Pacific began to approach the Sierra Nevada, the Euro-American workers began quitting, because the work was too hard and the pay too low, and they didn’t want to do it,” Fishkin explained. They worked without stopping, even during some of the worst winters on record. Outside, she's studying political science. The Chinese Labour Corps (CLC; French: Corps de Travailleurs Chinois; simplified Chinese: 中国 劳工 旅; traditional Chinese: 中國 勞工 旅; pinyin: Zhōngguó láogōng lǚ) was a force of workers recruited by the British government in the First World War to free troops for front line duty by performing support work and manual labour. Chinese railroad workers lived there from the fall of 1865 to the summer of 1868, carving tunnels through the biggest obstacle to the transcontinental railroad. The Daily is an independent nonprofit hit hard by COVID-19. “I am happy that Chinese railroad workers like Lim Lip Hong are finally being recognized for their important contributions to the United States,” Solorio said. The workers have been the recipient of historical inattention and marginalization, Chang said, largely due to authors who chose to glorify the railroad “barons” — which included Leland Stanford. Most white workers had instead chosen to return to agriculture or hoped to strike rich in gold and silver mines. The descendants group also is raising money for a statue of a Chinese railroad worker at Golden Spike National Historic Park. Until then, historians, scholars and archaeologists are doing their best to piece together the workers’ experiences by organizing and deciphering records and archived documents, hunting down photographs, conducting interviews with the workers’ descendants and collecting and analyzing artifacts from work camps. As many as 10,000 to 15,000 Chinese were working on the railroad at any one time, according to the Chinese Railroad Workers Project. “It became clear that often railroad workers had very little choice in the objects they used in their daily life, because supply chains to remote areas where they worked were controlled by labor contractors and the railroad companies,” Voss said. “I’m grateful that this is opening up new narratives, new dimensions, addressing the gaps in our history. He found work as a laborer on the Transcontinental Railroad, the western section of which was being built by the Central Pacific Railroad Company. Stanford University initiated the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project to educate the next generation on this pivotal but long-forgotten history. By most accounts, the Central Pacific employed Chinese laborers to do the work that white Americans didn’t want to do. Many workers risked their lives and perished in the harsh winters and dangerous conditions. Chang said that great numbers died, perhaps over 1000 workers. In 1969, at the “Golden Spike” centennial celebration of the First Transcontinental Railroad’s completion, the Chinese community nationwide had high hopes that the ceremony would provide an opportunity for the country to formally recognize the significant contributions of over 12,000 Chinese workers who helped build the one of the nation’s greatest engineering marvel. A twelve-year-old Lim Lip Hong emigrated to the United States from Guangdong Province in 1855. America's first transcontinental railroad was completed with a golden spike 145 years ago. But it was decided that the Central Pacific section would build from Sacramento, California eastward while the Union Pacific section would build from Omaha, Nebraska westward. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'stanforddaily_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',175,'0','0']));But, all of the thousands of Chinese workers would be together remembered simply as “John Chinaman.”. “Some of the larger work camps near major tunnels and bridges were occupied for several months or even a few years, but most were occupied for only a few weeks or days,” Voss said. She also enjoys learning foreign languages and is hoping to pursue a career as an investigative and data journalist. Because of this, Fishkin thinks of the workers as Stanford’s “first benefactors.”. Lim Sing and his friend Wong Git Yow fought against the committee until it was disbanded.”. As many as 1000 Chinese workers lived in each of the different construction camps established at key points along the railway, including Yale, Port Moody and Savona’s Ferry. The labor was undoubtedly dangerous. Archaeologists were also able to find homeopathic and patent medicine bottles that shed insight into how the Chinese cared for themselves when they fell ill, as well as recreational items like disk-shaped gaming pieces that workers had cut from used metal cans, carved bone dice and black and white glass disks. They can’t handle a pick and shovel, let alone lift one!” They were organized into groups of about twenty men. No one acknowledged them in 1969.”. During his campaign and almost two-year governorship, Leland championed the 1892 Geary Act, which extended the Chinese Exclusion Act even further. “One oral story that my grandma told me was how Lim Sing ‘saved the SF Chinatown,’” Solorio said. For a job that needed 5,000 workers, the railroad received only 800 responses to an advertisement posted in post offices throughout California. Studying these peoples proved to be a daunting task, however. Over the next couple of years, the project would bring together scholars and researchers from across Asia and North America in a series of conferences and workshops that laid the groundwork for a collaboration spanning many academic disciplines — archaeology, history, literature, American studies, ethnic studies and religious studies. eval(ez_write_tag([[468,60],'stanforddaily_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',174,'0','0']));It was actually thousands of Chinese railroad workers, along with eight Irish rail handlers, who completed that remarkable feat, a product of a bet that Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) Company made with the competing Union Pacific Railroad Company, whose record time for one day was 7.5 miles of track. It was a sentiment that Leland would end up acknowledging. At The Daily, she is a Managing Editor for News. Researchers found that one railroad worker, Jun Yuk Chow, traveled by river ferry from Kaiping county in Guangdong to Hong Kong, then booked a third-class passage on a three-mast sailboat across the ocean to San Francisco in a journey that would take 48 days. Some interviewees discussed not just the stories of ancestors who worked on the railroad, but how their family in subsequent generations cemented themselves in the United States. Faced with a labor shortage, the railroad began hiring Chinese workers already in the U.S. out of necessity, and later began recruiting them directly from China, mostly from Guangdong. But that’s the story as we know it. “That may have obfuscated the nuances of my family’s history, and with Lee Bo Wen, my ancestor who I know nothing about, he may not have been a merchant during that time and thus there might have been an intentional gap and secrecy surrounding his identity,” Wilson Bergado said. 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